%PDF-1.2 % 12 0 obj << /Length 13 0 R >> stream BT 522 57 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (397) Tj -364.92 629.64 TD /F1 15.96 Tf 0.0158 Tc -0.0458 Tw (Chapter 19) Tj 76.8 0 TD -0.03 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0275 Tc -0.0375 Tw ( Antarctic Sea Ice and Icebergs) Tj 21.72 -32.88 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (R) Tj 8.64 0 TD -0.0168 Tc (obert) Tj 27.24 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.0133 Tw (G. Onstott) Tj -142.8 -11.76 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0069 Tc 0.0711 Tw (General Dynamics - Advanced Information Systems) Tj 209.52 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0.0735 Tw (, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) Tj -293.28 -41.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (19.1) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 7.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.005 Tc 0 Tw (Introduction) Tj 7.2 -20.28 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0077 Tc 1.2477 Tw (The monitoring of floating ice in the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 186.84 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 1.3246 Tw (Southern Ocean) Tj 78.24 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 1.3396 Tw ( is of great interest because of its) Tj -301.08 -13.8 TD 0 Tc 0.6 Tw (vast winter extent) Tj 86.52 0 TD -0 Tc 0.6604 Tw ( and the scale of its retreat during summer. With a winter extent that is about) Tj -86.52 -13.8 TD -0.0057 Tc 1.2057 Tw (20% greater than that in the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 143.04 0 TD -0.0013 Tc 1.2013 Tw (Northern Hemisphere) Tj 105.48 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 1.3246 Tw (Southern Ocean) Tj 78.24 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 1.2704 Tw ( sea ice plays an important) Tj -333.96 -13.8 TD -0.015 Tc 0.015 Tw (role ) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0 Tc 1.68 Tw (in the) Tj 28.68 0 TD -0.0091 Tc 1.8262 Tw ( global energy balance. In addition, the icebergs that calve from the Antarctic ice) Tj -51.96 -16.32 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.0077 Tw (shelves and glacier tongues may initially be the size of a small state \(e.g., 400 to 11,000) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 441.24 0 TD 0.012 Tc (km) Tj 15.36 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (2) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.036 Tc (\)) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.036 Tc (,) Tj -464.64 -14.28 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.002 Tc 3.9947 Tw (and, frequently produce many smaller icebergs that may become deadly marine hazards.) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.0027 Tw (Icebergs are also a source of fresh water to the world\222s oceans.) Tj 36 -13.8 TD -0.0067 Tc 2.5048 Tw (There are important differences between the northern and southern polar oceans that) Tj -36 -13.8 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.2433 Tw (affect sea ice conditions) Tj 116.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.2347 Tw ( and sea ice physical and microwave properties. In the ) Tj 268.44 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.2354 Tw (Southern Ocean) Tj 77.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj -465 -13.8 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.5968 Tw (sea ice is bounded on the south by the Antarctic continent, whereas to the north there is no land) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0031 Tc 2.5416 Tw (boundary. Ice formation regions extend north from the Antarctic coastline for hundreds of) Tj 0 -13.68 TD -0.0093 Tc 0.9393 Tw (kilometers. In addition, the ocean around the Antarctic) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 276.24 0 TD -0.048 Tc (c) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.9581 Tw (ontinent is essentially obstruction-free) Tj -281.52 -13.8 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0436 Tw (for hundreds of kilometers beyond the ice edge. Storms are frequent in the ) Tj 363.6 0 TD 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 6.72 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.0086 Tw (outhern ) Tj 39.72 0 TD -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 8.64 0 TD 0.0133 Tc (emisphere) Tj -418.68 -13.8 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0168 Tw (and swell waves of significant height form in the open ocean and propagate into the Antarctic sea) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.4895 Tw (ice zone. Katabatic winds form because cold and dense air is pulled from high elevations to the) Tj T* -0.005 Tc 1.19 Tw (coast by gravity. These winds flow off of this very cold continent over the ocean surface) Tj 446.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.044 Tc (are) Tj -453.36 -13.8 TD 0.0156 Tc 0.1044 Tw (very strong) Tj 54.36 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.1405 Tw ( and may persist for long periods \(e.g., days\). These winds produce a dynamic ocean) Tj -57.36 -13.8 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.4391 Tw (environment. Sea ice may be cleared from the coastline, enabling the production of new ice. In) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0153 Tc 2.8953 Tw (summary, the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 73.92 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 2.9954 Tw (Southern Ocean) Tj 80.04 0 TD 0.0014 Tc 2.9986 Tw ( is a very dynamic environment) Tj 166.68 0 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (;) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0049 Tc 3.0449 Tw (wave conditions and storm) Tj -330 -13.8 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.0025 Tw (frequency play a major role in determining sea ice physical and microwave properties.) Tj 36 -13.8 TD -0.0078 Tc 0.7758 Tw (Because of a dynamic oceanographic and atmospheric environment, ice concentration in) Tj -36 -13.8 TD -0.0021 Tc 2.035 Tw (the Antarctic is lower than that observed in the Arctic, at about 80% in winter, and 50% in) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.0083 Tw (summer, on average ) Tj 99.84 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw ([) Tj 4.08 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0.0084 Tc -0.0084 Tw (Zwally et al) Tj 56.76 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (,) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.014 Tc -0.014 Tw ( 1983]. ) Tj 37.08 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.0191 Tw (The maximum ice extent is observed in September, the) Tj -203.76 -13.8 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.2348 Tw (minimum extent in February. The austral summer begins in December and ends in ) Tj 405 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (March) Tj 31.32 0 TD 0 Tc 0.36 Tw (. ) Tj 9.72 0 TD 0 0 1 rg 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.02 Tc (The) Tj -449.4 -13.8 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.7246 Tw (Southern Ocean) Tj 77.64 0 TD -0.0164 Tc 0.7364 Tw ( ice coverage) Tj 64.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.012 Tc 0.972 Tw (has ) Tj 0.912 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 25.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0033 Tc 0.8367 Tw (maximum winter extent on the order of 20 x 10) Tj 235.32 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.828 Tw ( km) Tj 19.2 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.056 Tc 0.896 Tw ( and ) Tj 0.792 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj -437.88 -13.8 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.2388 Tw (summer minimum on the order of 4 x 10) Tj 197.28 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.228 Tw ( km) Tj 18.6 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.01 Tc 0.07 Tw ( \(about ) Tj 36.96 0 TD -0.0216 Tc 0.0216 Tw (three ) Tj 27.24 0 TD 0.0193 Tc 0.3407 Tw (times the size of the U) Tj 109.44 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0.048 Tc (S) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0 Tc (.) Tj 3 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.372 Tw (\), a summer) Tj -410.4 -13.8 TD -0.006 Tc 0.606 Tw (retreat factor of about 5.) Tj 118.56 0 TD 0 0 1 rg 0 Tc 0.6 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.008 Tc 0 Tw (Hence,) Tj 33.6 0 TD 0 0 1 rg 0 Tc ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0031 Tc 0.6931 Tw (the sea ice cover is primarily seasonal, and first year ice is the) Tj -162.96 -13.8 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.0051 Tw (predominant ice form [) Tj 111 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0.007 Tc -0.007 Tw (Zwally et al., ) Tj 65.76 0 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.014 Tc 0 Tw (1983].) Tj -147.96 -13.8 TD -0.0031 Tc 2.5231 Tw (Discussion of the microwave remote sensing of floating ice in the) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 345.84 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 2.6354 Tw (Southern Ocean) Tj 79.68 0 TD 0.018 Tc 2.622 Tw ( is) Tj -454.32 -13.8 TD -0.0026 Tc 1.9055 Tw (presented in this chapter. Specific topics include the observation of sea ice, landfast ice, and) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0037 Tc 2.6237 Tw (icebergs. Regional ice characteristics, sea ice zones, and the expected seasonal backscatter) Tj T* -0.0074 Tc 1.2674 Tw (response are discussed. ) Tj 122.52 0 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.0027 Tw (Synthetic ) Tj 49.68 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0309 Tc (perture) Tj 34.08 0 TD 0 Tc ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.036 Tc (r) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.003 Tc 1.323 Tw (adar ) Tj 1.284 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 28.92 0 TD 0.02 Tc (SAR) Tj 23.4 0 TD -0.036 Tc (\)) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0 Tc 1.3204 Tw ( images are used to illustrate signature) Tj -276.12 -13.8 TD -0.004 Tc 0.024 Tw (differences between ice forms and convergence/divergence features.) Tj 36 -13.8 TD -0.036 Tc 0.036 Tw (For ) Tj 20.4 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.9051 Tw (an additional discussion of sea ice behavior) Tj 213.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.953 Tw ( see Chapter 3,) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 78.24 0 TD -0.048 Tc (\223) Tj 5.28 0 TD -0 Tc 0.96 Tw (SAR Measurements of) Tj -356.76 -13.8 TD -0.05 Tc 0.29 Tw (Sea Ice) Tj 34.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.048 Tc (\224) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0 Tc 0.12 Tw ( ) Tj 6.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1195 Tw (Discussion of the operational use of SAR is found in Chapter 20, ) Tj 316.68 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.2386 Tw (Operational Uses of) Tj -371.52 -13.8 TD -0.0067 Tc 0.0307 Tw (SAR for Ice Classification and Analysis.\224) Tj ET endstream endobj 13 0 obj 8990 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 8 0 R /F2 10 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 12 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Length 22 0 R >> stream BT 423.6 728.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.96 Tf 0.0258 Tc 0.0042 Tw (SAR Marine Users Manual) Tj -351.6 -671.76 TD /F0 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (398) Tj 91.44 654 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0129 Tc 0.0171 Tw (TABLE 19.1. Major Regional Characteristics in Influencing Ice Cover) Tj -65.88 -30.84 TD /F1 9.96 Tf -0.0232 Tc 0.0532 Tw (Area Name) Tj 107.4 0 TD 0.0231 Tc 0 Tw (Sector) Tj 170.04 0 TD 0.0167 Tc (Characteristic) Tj ET 72 695.52 99.72 1.44 re f 171.72 695.52 1.44 1.44 re f 173.16 695.52 92.4 1.44 re f 265.56 695.52 1.44 1.44 re f 267 695.52 278.4 1.44 re f BT 96.36 656.16 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0233 Tc 0.0067 Tw (Weddell Sea) Tj 94.08 -0.72 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (60) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0498 Tc -0.0798 Tw (W to 20) Tj 32.28 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0344 Tc (E) Tj 30.24 0.72 TD 0.0086 Tc 0.0385 Tw (Relatively cold ocean water influenced by large-scale cyclonic) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.0194 Tw (gyre and topographic barrier of the Antarctic Peninsula. Sea ice is) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.0382 Tw (compact. Large area of ice cover remains during the summer. A) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0073 Tc 0.0373 Tw (polynya ) Tj 34.68 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.0254 Tw (forms occasionally.) Tj ET 72 671.28 99.72 0.72 re f 171.72 671.28 0.72 0.72 re f 172.44 671.28 93.12 0.72 re f 265.56 671.28 0.72 0.72 re f 266.28 671.28 279.12 0.72 re f BT 95.04 598.2 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0022 Tw (Indian Ocean) Tj 97.08 -0.84 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0.0369 Tw (E to 90) Tj 28.92 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0344 Tc (E) Tj 31.92 0.84 TD 0.0126 Tc 0.0174 Tw (Ice edge retreats completely to the coast in several locations during) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (summer.) Tj -177 -23.52 TD 0.0153 Tc 0.0147 Tw (Pacific Ocean) Tj 95.64 -0.72 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (90) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0243 Tc 0.0057 Tw (E to 160) Tj 33.96 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0344 Tc (E) Tj 29.4 0.72 TD 0.0126 Tc 0.0174 Tw (Ice edge retreats completely to the coast in several locations during) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (summer.) Tj -167.28 -23.52 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.0349 Tw (Ross Sea) Tj 81.72 -0.72 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (160) Tj 15.12 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0443 Tc -0.0743 Tw (E to 130) Tj 33.96 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0422 Tc (W) Tj 28.56 0.72 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.0581 Tw (Relatively cold water and cyclonic circulation gyre influences) Tj 0 -11.4 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.0687 Tw (open water formation near Ross Ice Shelf.) Tj -183.36 -23.52 TD 0.0067 Tc -0.0967 Tw (Bellingshausen ) Tj 63.48 0 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj -59.28 -11.52 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.0244 Tw (Amundsen Sea) Tj 94.44 10.68 TD 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (130) Tj 15.12 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf 0.0258 Tc 0.0042 Tw (W to 60) Tj 32.28 0 TD /F5 9.96 Tf -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (\260) Tj 3.96 0 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0422 Tc (W) Tj 29.4 0.84 TD 0.0075 Tc 0.0358 Tw (There is strong stratification of the open ocean water; this) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0131 Tc 0.0169 Tw (contributes to the retention of an extensive summer ice cover.) 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Freshwater ice) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0082 Tc 2.3139 Tw (features are also numerous, and in the form of giant-to-small icebergs and bergy bits \(large) Tj T* -0.0103 Tc 1.357 Tw (pieces of a glacier with between 100 and 300 ) Tj 1.344 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 240.72 5.52 TD /F0 8.04 Tf 0.06 Tc (2) Tj 4.08 -5.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0049 Tc 1.3515 Tw ( of ice above the water line\). Other features) Tj -244.8 -13.8 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.4164 Tw (worthy of note include ice shelves, and glaciers that protrude far away from the coastline known) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.0121 Tw (as ice tongues. Glaciers may be floating on seawater or grounded on the seafloor.) Tj 0 -28.08 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (19.3) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 12 Tf 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 7.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0036 Tc 0.0036 Tw (Regional Characteristics and Sea Ice Zones) Tj 7.2 -20.28 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0049 Tc 0.8449 Tw (The region in which sea ice forms determines its winter properties and the likelihood of) Tj -36 -13.8 TD -0.0048 Tc 1.3248 Tw (survival during summer. In addition, where the ice is located relative to the coastline and the) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0181 Tw (open ocean boundary also affects its physical and electrical properties.) Tj 0 -27.72 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (19.3.1) Tj 30 0 TD /F6 12 Tf 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw (Regional Characteristics) Tj 0 -20.52 TD /F0 12 Tf -0.0018 Tc 1.1938 Tw (The extent of Antarctica and the locations of the various seas in the Southern Ocean is) Tj -36 -13.8 TD -0.0051 Tc 1.7866 Tw (shown in Figure 19.1. Ocean circulation around the continent and topographic barriers \(e.g.,) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0026 Tc 1.6055 Tw (Antarctic Peninsula and ice tongues\) affects the sea ice cover through the stratification of the) Tj T* -0.0076 Tc 1.0362 Tw (ocean water column and the formation of relatively cold ocean water. These effects determine) Tj T* -0.0189 Tc 0.6189 Tw (whether ) Tj 0.6 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 48.12 0 TD -0.0017 Tc (olynyas) Tj 37.32 0 TD 0.0041 Tc 0.7377 Tw ( \(non-linear shaped openings enclosed in ice\) form during winter, the quantity) Tj -85.44 -13.8 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.769 Tw (of ice retained during summer, and if the ice edge retreats completely to the coast.) Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj 408 0 TD ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.972 Tw (In addition,) Tj -411.84 -13.8 TD -0.006 Tc 2.798 Tw (the very cold, high-velocity katabatic winds play a major role in \(a\) clearing ice from the) Tj 0 -13.8 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.6014 Tw (coastline while facilitating rapid ice formation) Tj 225.24 0 TD -0.0061 Tc 0.6861 Tw (, \(b\) sweeping the air-ocean free of frazil ice, and) Tj -225.24 -13.8 TD -0.0013 Tc 6.8013 Tw (\(c\) promoting high ice production during storms of long duration.) 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